The Lived Experience of Working Married Women on the Quality of Life during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

2 Ph.D. Student in Counseling, Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.

3 M.A. in Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding Author)

Abstract

The present research was done with the aim of investigating the lived experience of working married women on the quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic by using a qualitative method of phenomenology. The population of the research included all married working women in Tehran, 13 of whom were selected and included from March 2021 in a purposeful way until theoretical saturation was reached in an in-depth semi-structured interview. The data was analyzed by the seven-step Colaizzi method. The findings were classified into 4 main themes and 19 sub-themes as follows: the main theme of the opportunities obtained during the COVID-19 pandemic (including the sub-themes of providing the opportunity to be physically and mentally with children; providing the opportunity for personal growth; the opportunity to appreciate God, oneself , family and job), the main theme of support received during the COVID-19 pandemic (including the sub-themes of being supported by parents; being supported at the workplace; being supported by the spouse), family challenges in the COVID-19 pandemic (including the sub-themes of children's academic failure; the impossibility of physical care and sufficient emotional support for children; intensification of disputes with spouses; intensification of disputes with children; reduction of couples' sexual relations; feelings of loneliness; anxiety of loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic) and the main theme of career challenges in the COVID-19 pandemic (with sub-themes of worry for the right reason) not getting things done; reducing job performance and efficiency; reducing concentration in doing work-related matters; increasing job duties due to the illness of colleagues; financial pressure and lack of financial support from the workplace; experiencing negative feelings of staying at home such as depression; feelings of incompetence and self-blame due to Inability to do things at the same time. According to the findings, it can be concluded that the more psychological, economic and supportive working women have in the field of work and family, the more they can deal with the problems caused by crisis times such as the Corona era and its aftermath. Manage more effectively. Additionally, enriching the work and family environment during the COVID-19 pandemic can increase the preparedness of married working women against similar crises in the future.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Abbasi Asfajir, A.A., & Amiri Mousavi, S.S. (2018). Relationship between job stress and marital adjustment and quality of life of female physicians in the Amol city. Quarterly Journal of Woman & Society, 9(35), 271-288. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20088566.1397.9.35.12.0
  2. Affouneh, S., Abusalha, S., Salha, S., Demaidi, M., Obaid, A. A., Alkouk, W. A., & Khlaif, Z. (2022). The Impact of COVID-19 on Working Women. Global Conference on Women`s Studies.
  3. Alhas, A. (2020). More ‘family time’ amid Coronavirus isolation at home. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/latest-on-coronavirus-outbreak/more-family-time-amid-coronavirus-isolation-at-home/1812529
  4. Ausín, B., González-Sanguino, C., Castellanos, M. Á., & Muñoz, M. (2021). Gender-related differences in the psychological impact of confinement as a consequence of COVID-19 in Spain. Journal of Gender Studies, 30(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2020.1799768
  5. Babaeigivi, R., Nazari, A.M., & Mohsenzadeh, F. (2015). The comparison of psychological well-Being and marital burnout and their dimensions among employed and unemployed women. Quarterly Journal of Woman & Society, 5(20), 71- 88. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20088566.1395.7.25.9.3

 

 

  1. Baert, S., Lippens, L., Moens, E., Sterkens, Ph., & Weytjens, J. (2020). The Covid-19 crisis and telework: A research survey on experiences, expectations and hopes. GLO Discussion Paper Series532, No 13229.
  2. Balluerka, N., Gómez, B., Hidalgo, M.D., Gorostiaga, A., Espada, J.P., Padilla, J.L., Santed, M. Á. (2020). Las consecuencias psicológicas de la Covid-19. Universidad del País Vasco. http://hdl.handle.net/10810/45924
  3. Bielby, W. T., & Bielby, D. D. (1989). Family ties: Balancing commitments to work and family in dual earner households. American Sociological Review, 54(5), 776–789. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/2117753
  4. Blaskó, Z., Papadimitriou, E., & Manca, A. R. (2020). How will the Covid-19 crisis affect existing gender divides in Europe?. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. http://dx.doi.org/10.2760/37511
  5. Boserup, B., McKenney, M., & Elkbuli, A. (2020). Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 38(12), 27- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.077
  6. Boyar, S. L., Maertz, C. P., Mosley, D. C. & Carr, J. C. (2008). The impact of work/family demand on work‐family conflict. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(3), 215-235. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810861356
  7. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1992). Ecological systems theory., Six theories of child development: Revised formulations and current issues. Encyclopedia of Psychology, 3, 129- 133.
  8. Brown, R. P., & Day, E. A. (2006). The difference isn’t black and white: Stereotype threat and the race gap on Raven’s Advanced Progressive The Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 979- 985. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.979
  9. Campbell, A. M. (2020). An increasing risk of family violence during the Covid-19 pandemic: strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Science International: Reports, 100089, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100089
  10. Chung, SKG., Lanier. P., & Wong, P., (2020). Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent-child relationship during Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic in Singapore. Preprint –accepted at Journal Of Family Violence, 37(5), 801- 812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00200-1
  11. Dabone, KT. (2014). Effects of age on marital satisfaction of married people in Sunyani Municipality. Int J Res Soc Sci, 3(8),1-10. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7889
  12. Emezue, C. (2020). Digital or digitally delivered responses to domestic and intimate partner violence during CoViD-19. JMIR public health and surveillance, 6(3), e19831. https://doi.org/10.2196/19831
  13. Esteki, S. )2021).The Effect of Coronavirus anxiety on self-esteem, life Satisfaction and mood of women with moderate-to-moderate physical activity during Covid-19 quarantine. Depiction of Health, 12(2), 96- 104. https://doi.org/10.34172/doh.2021.10
  14. Geurts, S.A.E. & Demerouti, E. (2003). Work/non-work interface: a review of theories and findings. The handbook of work and health psychology. Chichester: Wiley.
  15. Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of management review,10(1), 76- 88.
  16. Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth generation evaluation, Newbury Park. CA: Sage.
  17. Harth, N. S., & Mitte, K. (2020). Managing multiple roles during the COVID-19 lockdown: Not men or women, but parents as the emotional “loser in the crisis”. Social Psychological Bulletin,15(4), 1- 17.
  18. Humaida, I. A. I. (2012). Relationship between stress and psychosomatic complaints among nurses in tabarjal hospital. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 1(3), 15- 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojmp.2012.13003
  19. Kirchmeyer, C., & Cohen, A. (1999). Different strategies for managing the work/non-work interface: A test for unique pathways to work outcomes. Work & Stress, 13(1), 59– 73. https://doi.org/10.1080/026783799296192
  20. Ko, N-Y., Lu, W-H., Chen, Y-L., Li, D-J., Wang, P-W., Hsu, S-T., Chen, C-C., Lin, Y-H., Chang, Y-P., & Yen, C-F. (2020). Covid-19-related information sources an psychological well-being: An online survey study in Taiwan. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 87, 153– 154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.019
  21. Kochhar, R., & Barroso, A. (2020). Young workers Likely to be hard hit as Covid-19 strikes a blow to restaurants and other service sector jobs. Pew Research Centre. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/616295/young-workers-likely-to-be-hard-hit-as-covid-19-strikes-a-blow-to-restaurants-and-other-service-sector-jobs/1596902/
  22. Kristal , T., & Yaish, M. (2020). Does the Coronavirus pandemic level gender inequality curve? (It doesn’t). Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 68, 1- 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2020.100520
  23. Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 20- 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
  24. Lian, S. Y., & Tam, C. L. (2014). Work stress, coping strategies and resilience: a study among working females. Asian Social Science,10(12), 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n12p41
  25. Losada-Baltar, A., Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., Gallego-Alberto, L., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D. S., Fernandes-Pires, J., & Márquez- González, M. (2020). We’re staying at home. association of self-perceptions of aging, personal and family resourcesand loneliness with psychological distress during the lock-down period of Covid-19. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(2), 10- 16. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeronb%2Fgbaa048
  26. MacKian, S. C. (2008). What the papers say: reading therapeutic landscapes of women's health and empowerment in Uganda. Journal of Health & Place. 14(1), 106- 115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.05.005
  27. Manzo, L. K. C., & Minello, A. (2020). Mothers, childcare duties, and remote working under Covid-19 lockdown in Italy: cultivating communities of care. Dialogues in Human Geography, 10(2), 120-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820620934268
  28. Morrow, R., Rodriguez, A., & King, N. (2015). Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological method. The psychologist,28(8), 643- 644.
  29. Mustari, S., & Rahman, M. Z. (2020). The effect of the corona disaster on women: lock down and Corona virus from the lens of social science. SocArXiv.
  30. Peterman, A., Potts, A., O’Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, N., Oertelt-Prigione, S., & van Gelder, N. (2020). Pandemics and violence against women and children. Center for Global Development Working Paper 528. Washington, DC: Centre for Global Development.
  31. Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine. 383(6), 510- 512. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmp2008017#:~:text=DOI%3A%2010.1056/NEJMp2008017
  32. Rotz, D. (2016). Why have divorce rates fallen? The role of women’s age at marriage. J Hum Res. 51(4),961-1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.51.4.0214-6224R
  33. Sadeghi, M., Farajkhoda, T., Khanabadi, M., & Eftekhar, M. (2022). PERMA model vs. integrative-behavioral couple therapy for fertility problems: A randomized clinical trial protocol. Int J Reprod Biomed, 19(12),1105- 1116. https://doi.org/10.18502%2Fijrm.v19i12.10061
  34. Seligman, M. (2018). PERMA and the building blocks of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 333–335. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/17439760.2018.1437466
  35. Uddin, M. (2021). Addressing work-life balance challenges of working women during Covid-19 in Bangladesh. Int Soc Sci J. Mar-Jun, 71(240), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12267
  36. Urdinola, B. P., & Tovar, J. A. (2019). Time use and transfers in the Americas. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
  37. Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Gyamfi, N., & Jackson, D. (2020). Family violence and Covid-19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(4), 549– 552. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12735
  38. Wenham, C., Smith, J., Morgan, R., & Group, G. (2020). Covid-19: The gendered impacts of the outbreak. Lancet, 395(10227), 846– 848. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30526-2
  39. Westman, M., & Piotrkowski, C.S. (1999). Introduction to the special issue: work-family research in occupational health psychology. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(4), 301–306. DOI:1037//1076-8998.4.4.301
  40. Wulandari, B., Sholihah, K. U., Nabila, T., & Kaloeti, D. V. S. (2021). Subjective well-being in working mothers during the Covid-19 pandemic: a systematic literature review. In Proceding of Inter-Islamic University Conference on Psychology, 1(1), 1- 9.
    1. Abbasi Asfajir, A.A., & Amiri Mousavi, S.S. (2018). Relationship between job stress and marital adjustment and quality of life of female physicians in the Amol city. Quarterly Journal of Woman & Society, 9(35), 271-288. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20088566.1397.9.35.12.0
    2. Affouneh, S., Abusalha, S., Salha, S., Demaidi, M., Obaid, A. A., Alkouk, W. A., & Khlaif, Z. (2022). The Impact of COVID-19 on Working Women. Global Conference on Women`s Studies.
    3. Alhas, A. (2020). More ‘family time’ amid Coronavirus isolation at home. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/latest-on-coronavirus-outbreak/more-family-time-amid-coronavirus-isolation-at-home/1812529
    4. Ausín, B., González-Sanguino, C., Castellanos, M. Á., & Muñoz, M. (2021). Gender-related differences in the psychological impact of confinement as a consequence of COVID-19 in Spain. Journal of Gender Studies, 30(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2020.1799768
    5. Babaeigivi, R., Nazari, A.M., & Mohsenzadeh, F. (2015). The comparison of psychological well-Being and marital burnout and their dimensions among employed and unemployed women. Quarterly Journal of Woman & Society, 5(20), 71- 88. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20088566.1395.7.25.9.3

     

     

    1. Baert, S., Lippens, L., Moens, E., Sterkens, Ph., & Weytjens, J. (2020). The Covid-19 crisis and telework: A research survey on experiences, expectations and hopes. GLO Discussion Paper Series532, No 13229.
    2. Balluerka, N., Gómez, B., Hidalgo, M.D., Gorostiaga, A., Espada, J.P., Padilla, J.L., Santed, M. Á. (2020). Las consecuencias psicológicas de la Covid-19. Universidad del País Vasco. http://hdl.handle.net/10810/45924
    3. Bielby, W. T., & Bielby, D. D. (1989). Family ties: Balancing commitments to work and family in dual earner households. American Sociological Review, 54(5), 776–789. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/2117753
    4. Blaskó, Z., Papadimitriou, E., & Manca, A. R. (2020). How will the Covid-19 crisis affect existing gender divides in Europe?. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. http://dx.doi.org/10.2760/37511
    5. Boserup, B., McKenney, M., & Elkbuli, A. (2020). Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 38(12), 27- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.077
    6. Boyar, S. L., Maertz, C. P., Mosley, D. C. & Carr, J. C. (2008). The impact of work/family demand on work‐family conflict. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(3), 215-235. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810861356
    7. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1992). Ecological systems theory., Six theories of child development: Revised formulations and current issues. Encyclopedia of Psychology, 3, 129- 133.
    8. Brown, R. P., & Day, E. A. (2006). The difference isn’t black and white: Stereotype threat and the race gap on Raven’s Advanced Progressive The Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 979- 985. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.979
    9. Campbell, A. M. (2020). An increasing risk of family violence during the Covid-19 pandemic: strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Science International: Reports, 100089, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100089
    10. Chung, SKG., Lanier. P., & Wong, P., (2020). Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent-child relationship during Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic in Singapore. Preprint –accepted at Journal Of Family Violence, 37(5), 801- 812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00200-1
    11. Dabone, KT. (2014). Effects of age on marital satisfaction of married people in Sunyani Municipality. Int J Res Soc Sci, 3(8),1-10. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7889
    12. Emezue, C. (2020). Digital or digitally delivered responses to domestic and intimate partner violence during CoViD-19. JMIR public health and surveillance, 6(3), e19831. https://doi.org/10.2196/19831
    13. Esteki, S. )2021).The Effect of Coronavirus anxiety on self-esteem, life Satisfaction and mood of women with moderate-to-moderate physical activity during Covid-19 quarantine. Depiction of Health, 12(2), 96- 104. https://doi.org/10.34172/doh.2021.10
    14. Geurts, S.A.E. & Demerouti, E. (2003). Work/non-work interface: a review of theories and findings. The handbook of work and health psychology. Chichester: Wiley.
    15. Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of management review,10(1), 76- 88.
    16. Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth generation evaluation, Newbury Park. CA: Sage.
    17. Harth, N. S., & Mitte, K. (2020). Managing multiple roles during the COVID-19 lockdown: Not men or women, but parents as the emotional “loser in the crisis”. Social Psychological Bulletin,15(4), 1- 17.
    18. Humaida, I. A. I. (2012). Relationship between stress and psychosomatic complaints among nurses in tabarjal hospital. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 1(3), 15- 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojmp.2012.13003
    19. Kirchmeyer, C., & Cohen, A. (1999). Different strategies for managing the work/non-work interface: A test for unique pathways to work outcomes. Work & Stress, 13(1), 59– 73. https://doi.org/10.1080/026783799296192
    20. Ko, N-Y., Lu, W-H., Chen, Y-L., Li, D-J., Wang, P-W., Hsu, S-T., Chen, C-C., Lin, Y-H., Chang, Y-P., & Yen, C-F. (2020). Covid-19-related information sources an psychological well-being: An online survey study in Taiwan. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 87, 153– 154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.019
    21. Kochhar, R., & Barroso, A. (2020). Young workers Likely to be hard hit as Covid-19 strikes a blow to restaurants and other service sector jobs. Pew Research Centre. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/616295/young-workers-likely-to-be-hard-hit-as-covid-19-strikes-a-blow-to-restaurants-and-other-service-sector-jobs/1596902/
    22. Kristal , T., & Yaish, M. (2020). Does the Coronavirus pandemic level gender inequality curve? (It doesn’t). Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 68, 1- 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2020.100520
    23. Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 20- 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
    24. Lian, S. Y., & Tam, C. L. (2014). Work stress, coping strategies and resilience: a study among working females. Asian Social Science,10(12), 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n12p41
    25. Losada-Baltar, A., Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., Gallego-Alberto, L., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D. S., Fernandes-Pires, J., & Márquez- González, M. (2020). We’re staying at home. association of self-perceptions of aging, personal and family resourcesand loneliness with psychological distress during the lock-down period of Covid-19. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(2), 10- 16. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeronb%2Fgbaa048
    26. MacKian, S. C. (2008). What the papers say: reading therapeutic landscapes of women's health and empowerment in Uganda. Journal of Health & Place. 14(1), 106- 115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.05.005
    27. Manzo, L. K. C., & Minello, A. (2020). Mothers, childcare duties, and remote working under Covid-19 lockdown in Italy: cultivating communities of care. Dialogues in Human Geography, 10(2), 120-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820620934268
    28. Morrow, R., Rodriguez, A., & King, N. (2015). Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological method. The psychologist,28(8), 643- 644.
    29. Mustari, S., & Rahman, M. Z. (2020). The effect of the corona disaster on women: lock down and Corona virus from the lens of social science. SocArXiv.
    30. Peterman, A., Potts, A., O’Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, N., Oertelt-Prigione, S., & van Gelder, N. (2020). Pandemics and violence against women and children. Center for Global Development Working Paper 528. Washington, DC: Centre for Global Development.
    31. Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine. 383(6), 510- 512. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmp2008017#:~:text=DOI%3A%2010.1056/NEJMp2008017
    32. Rotz, D. (2016). Why have divorce rates fallen? The role of women’s age at marriage. J Hum Res. 51(4),961-1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.51.4.0214-6224R
    33. Sadeghi, M., Farajkhoda, T., Khanabadi, M., & Eftekhar, M. (2022). PERMA model vs. integrative-behavioral couple therapy for fertility problems: A randomized clinical trial protocol. Int J Reprod Biomed, 19(12),1105- 1116. https://doi.org/10.18502%2Fijrm.v19i12.10061
    34. Seligman, M. (2018). PERMA and the building blocks of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 333–335. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/17439760.2018.1437466
    35. Uddin, M. (2021). Addressing work-life balance challenges of working women during Covid-19 in Bangladesh. Int Soc Sci J. Mar-Jun, 71(240), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12267
    36. Urdinola, B. P., & Tovar, J. A. (2019). Time use and transfers in the Americas. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
    37. Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Gyamfi, N., & Jackson, D. (2020). Family violence and Covid-19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(4), 549– 552. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12735
    38. Wenham, C., Smith, J., Morgan, R., & Group, G. (2020). Covid-19: The gendered impacts of the outbreak. Lancet, 395(10227), 846– 848. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30526-2
    39. Westman, M., & Piotrkowski, C.S. (1999). Introduction to the special issue: work-family research in occupational health psychology. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(4), 301–306. DOI:1037//1076-8998.4.4.301
    40. Wulandari, B., Sholihah, K. U., Nabila, T., & Kaloeti, D. V. S. (2021). Subjective well-being in working mothers during the Covid-19 pandemic: a systematic literature review. In Proceding of Inter-Islamic University Conference on Psychology, 1(1), 1- 9.
      1. Abbasi Asfajir, A.A., & Amiri Mousavi, S.S. (2018). Relationship between job stress and marital adjustment and quality of life of female physicians in the Amol city. Quarterly Journal of Woman & Society, 9(35), 271-288. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20088566.1397.9.35.12.0
      2. Affouneh, S., Abusalha, S., Salha, S., Demaidi, M., Obaid, A. A., Alkouk, W. A., & Khlaif, Z. (2022). The Impact of COVID-19 on Working Women. Global Conference on Women`s Studies.
      3. Alhas, A. (2020). More ‘family time’ amid Coronavirus isolation at home. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/latest-on-coronavirus-outbreak/more-family-time-amid-coronavirus-isolation-at-home/1812529
      4. Ausín, B., González-Sanguino, C., Castellanos, M. Á., & Muñoz, M. (2021). Gender-related differences in the psychological impact of confinement as a consequence of COVID-19 in Spain. Journal of Gender Studies, 30(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2020.1799768
      5. Babaeigivi, R., Nazari, A.M., & Mohsenzadeh, F. (2015). The comparison of psychological well-Being and marital burnout and their dimensions among employed and unemployed women. Quarterly Journal of Woman & Society, 5(20), 71- 88. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20088566.1395.7.25.9.3

       

       

      1. Baert, S., Lippens, L., Moens, E., Sterkens, Ph., & Weytjens, J. (2020). The Covid-19 crisis and telework: A research survey on experiences, expectations and hopes. GLO Discussion Paper Series532, No 13229.
      2. Balluerka, N., Gómez, B., Hidalgo, M.D., Gorostiaga, A., Espada, J.P., Padilla, J.L., Santed, M. Á. (2020). Las consecuencias psicológicas de la Covid-19. Universidad del País Vasco. http://hdl.handle.net/10810/45924
      3. Bielby, W. T., & Bielby, D. D. (1989). Family ties: Balancing commitments to work and family in dual earner households. American Sociological Review, 54(5), 776–789. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/2117753
      4. Blaskó, Z., Papadimitriou, E., & Manca, A. R. (2020). How will the Covid-19 crisis affect existing gender divides in Europe?. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. http://dx.doi.org/10.2760/37511
      5. Boserup, B., McKenney, M., & Elkbuli, A. (2020). Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 38(12), 27- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.077
      6. Boyar, S. L., Maertz, C. P., Mosley, D. C. & Carr, J. C. (2008). The impact of work/family demand on work‐family conflict. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(3), 215-235. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810861356
      7. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1992). Ecological systems theory., Six theories of child development: Revised formulations and current issues. Encyclopedia of Psychology, 3, 129- 133.
      8. Brown, R. P., & Day, E. A. (2006). The difference isn’t black and white: Stereotype threat and the race gap on Raven’s Advanced Progressive The Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 979- 985. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.979
      9. Campbell, A. M. (2020). An increasing risk of family violence during the Covid-19 pandemic: strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Science International: Reports, 100089, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100089
      10. Chung, SKG., Lanier. P., & Wong, P., (2020). Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent-child relationship during Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic in Singapore. Preprint –accepted at Journal Of Family Violence, 37(5), 801- 812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00200-1
      11. Dabone, KT. (2014). Effects of age on marital satisfaction of married people in Sunyani Municipality. Int J Res Soc Sci, 3(8),1-10. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7889
      12. Emezue, C. (2020). Digital or digitally delivered responses to domestic and intimate partner violence during CoViD-19. JMIR public health and surveillance, 6(3), e19831. https://doi.org/10.2196/19831
      13. Esteki, S. )2021).The Effect of Coronavirus anxiety on self-esteem, life Satisfaction and mood of women with moderate-to-moderate physical activity during Covid-19 quarantine. Depiction of Health, 12(2), 96- 104. https://doi.org/10.34172/doh.2021.10
      14. Geurts, S.A.E. & Demerouti, E. (2003). Work/non-work interface: a review of theories and findings. The handbook of work and health psychology. Chichester: Wiley.
      15. Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of management review,10(1), 76- 88.
      16. Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth generation evaluation, Newbury Park. CA: Sage.
      17. Harth, N. S., & Mitte, K. (2020). Managing multiple roles during the COVID-19 lockdown: Not men or women, but parents as the emotional “loser in the crisis”. Social Psychological Bulletin,15(4), 1- 17.
      18. Humaida, I. A. I. (2012). Relationship between stress and psychosomatic complaints among nurses in tabarjal hospital. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 1(3), 15- 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojmp.2012.13003
      19. Kirchmeyer, C., & Cohen, A. (1999). Different strategies for managing the work/non-work interface: A test for unique pathways to work outcomes. Work & Stress, 13(1), 59– 73. https://doi.org/10.1080/026783799296192
      20. Ko, N-Y., Lu, W-H., Chen, Y-L., Li, D-J., Wang, P-W., Hsu, S-T., Chen, C-C., Lin, Y-H., Chang, Y-P., & Yen, C-F. (2020). Covid-19-related information sources an psychological well-being: An online survey study in Taiwan. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 87, 153– 154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.019
      21. Kochhar, R., & Barroso, A. (2020). Young workers Likely to be hard hit as Covid-19 strikes a blow to restaurants and other service sector jobs. Pew Research Centre. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/616295/young-workers-likely-to-be-hard-hit-as-covid-19-strikes-a-blow-to-restaurants-and-other-service-sector-jobs/1596902/
      22. Kristal , T., & Yaish, M. (2020). Does the Coronavirus pandemic level gender inequality curve? (It doesn’t). Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 68, 1- 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2020.100520
      23. Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 20- 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
      24. Lian, S. Y., & Tam, C. L. (2014). Work stress, coping strategies and resilience: a study among working females. Asian Social Science,10(12), 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n12p41
      25. Losada-Baltar, A., Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., Gallego-Alberto, L., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D. S., Fernandes-Pires, J., & Márquez- González, M. (2020). We’re staying at home. association of self-perceptions of aging, personal and family resourcesand loneliness with psychological distress during the lock-down period of Covid-19. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(2), 10- 16. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeronb%2Fgbaa048
      26. MacKian, S. C. (2008). What the papers say: reading therapeutic landscapes of women's health and empowerment in Uganda. Journal of Health & Place. 14(1), 106- 115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.05.005
      27. Manzo, L. K. C., & Minello, A. (2020). Mothers, childcare duties, and remote working under Covid-19 lockdown in Italy: cultivating communities of care. Dialogues in Human Geography, 10(2), 120-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820620934268
      28. Morrow, R., Rodriguez, A., & King, N. (2015). Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological method. The psychologist,28(8), 643- 644.
      29. Mustari, S., & Rahman, M. Z. (2020). The effect of the corona disaster on women: lock down and Corona virus from the lens of social science. SocArXiv.
      30. Peterman, A., Potts, A., O’Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, N., Oertelt-Prigione, S., & van Gelder, N. (2020). Pandemics and violence against women and children. Center for Global Development Working Paper 528. Washington, DC: Centre for Global Development.
      31. Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine. 383(6), 510- 512. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmp2008017#:~:text=DOI%3A%2010.1056/NEJMp2008017
      32. Rotz, D. (2016). Why have divorce rates fallen? The role of women’s age at marriage. J Hum Res. 51(4),961-1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.51.4.0214-6224R
      33. Sadeghi, M., Farajkhoda, T., Khanabadi, M., & Eftekhar, M. (2022). PERMA model vs. integrative-behavioral couple therapy for fertility problems: A randomized clinical trial protocol. Int J Reprod Biomed, 19(12),1105- 1116. https://doi.org/10.18502%2Fijrm.v19i12.10061
      34. Seligman, M. (2018). PERMA and the building blocks of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 333–335. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/17439760.2018.1437466
      35. Uddin, M. (2021). Addressing work-life balance challenges of working women during Covid-19 in Bangladesh. Int Soc Sci J. Mar-Jun, 71(240), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12267
      36. Urdinola, B. P., & Tovar, J. A. (2019). Time use and transfers in the Americas. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
      37. Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Gyamfi, N., & Jackson, D. (2020). Family violence and Covid-19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(4), 549– 552. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12735
      38. Wenham, C., Smith, J., Morgan, R., & Group, G. (2020). Covid-19: The gendered impacts of the outbreak. Lancet, 395(10227), 846– 848. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30526-2
      39. Westman, M., & Piotrkowski, C.S. (1999). Introduction to the special issue: work-family research in occupational health psychology. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(4), 301–306. DOI:1037//1076-8998.4.4.301
      40. Wulandari, B., Sholihah, K. U., Nabila, T., & Kaloeti, D. V. S. (2021). Subjective well-being in working mothers during the Covid-19 pandemic: a systematic literature review. In Proceding of Inter-Islamic University Conference on Psychology, 1(1), 1- 9.
        1. Abbasi Asfajir, A.A., & Amiri Mousavi, S.S. (2018). Relationship between job stress and marital adjustment and quality of life of female physicians in the Amol city. Quarterly Journal of Woman & Society, 9(35), 271-288. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20088566.1397.9.35.12.0
        2. Affouneh, S., Abusalha, S., Salha, S., Demaidi, M., Obaid, A. A., Alkouk, W. A., & Khlaif, Z. (2022). The Impact of COVID-19 on Working Women. Global Conference on Women`s Studies.
        3. Alhas, A. (2020). More ‘family time’ amid Coronavirus isolation at home. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/latest-on-coronavirus-outbreak/more-family-time-amid-coronavirus-isolation-at-home/1812529
        4. Ausín, B., González-Sanguino, C., Castellanos, M. Á., & Muñoz, M. (2021). Gender-related differences in the psychological impact of confinement as a consequence of COVID-19 in Spain. Journal of Gender Studies, 30(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2020.1799768
        5. Babaeigivi, R., Nazari, A.M., & Mohsenzadeh, F. (2015). The comparison of psychological well-Being and marital burnout and their dimensions among employed and unemployed women. Quarterly Journal of Woman & Society, 5(20), 71- 88. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20088566.1395.7.25.9.3

         

         

        1. Baert, S., Lippens, L., Moens, E., Sterkens, Ph., & Weytjens, J. (2020). The Covid-19 crisis and telework: A research survey on experiences, expectations and hopes. GLO Discussion Paper Series532, No 13229.
        2. Balluerka, N., Gómez, B., Hidalgo, M.D., Gorostiaga, A., Espada, J.P., Padilla, J.L., Santed, M. Á. (2020). Las consecuencias psicológicas de la Covid-19. Universidad del País Vasco. http://hdl.handle.net/10810/45924
        3. Bielby, W. T., & Bielby, D. D. (1989). Family ties: Balancing commitments to work and family in dual earner households. American Sociological Review, 54(5), 776–789. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/2117753
        4. Blaskó, Z., Papadimitriou, E., & Manca, A. R. (2020). How will the Covid-19 crisis affect existing gender divides in Europe?. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. http://dx.doi.org/10.2760/37511
        5. Boserup, B., McKenney, M., & Elkbuli, A. (2020). Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 38(12), 27- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.077
        6. Boyar, S. L., Maertz, C. P., Mosley, D. C. & Carr, J. C. (2008). The impact of work/family demand on work‐family conflict. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(3), 215-235. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810861356
        7. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1992). Ecological systems theory., Six theories of child development: Revised formulations and current issues. Encyclopedia of Psychology, 3, 129- 133.
        8. Brown, R. P., & Day, E. A. (2006). The difference isn’t black and white: Stereotype threat and the race gap on Raven’s Advanced Progressive The Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 979- 985. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.979
        9. Campbell, A. M. (2020). An increasing risk of family violence during the Covid-19 pandemic: strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Science International: Reports, 100089, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100089
        10. Chung, SKG., Lanier. P., & Wong, P., (2020). Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent-child relationship during Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic in Singapore. Preprint –accepted at Journal Of Family Violence, 37(5), 801- 812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00200-1
        11. Dabone, KT. (2014). Effects of age on marital satisfaction of married people in Sunyani Municipality. Int J Res Soc Sci, 3(8),1-10. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7889
        12. Emezue, C. (2020). Digital or digitally delivered responses to domestic and intimate partner violence during CoViD-19. JMIR public health and surveillance, 6(3), e19831. https://doi.org/10.2196/19831
        13. Esteki, S. )2021).The Effect of Coronavirus anxiety on self-esteem, life Satisfaction and mood of women with moderate-to-moderate physical activity during Covid-19 quarantine. Depiction of Health, 12(2), 96- 104. https://doi.org/10.34172/doh.2021.10
        14. Geurts, S.A.E. & Demerouti, E. (2003). Work/non-work interface: a review of theories and findings. The handbook of work and health psychology. Chichester: Wiley.
        15. Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of management review,10(1), 76- 88.
        16. Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth generation evaluation, Newbury Park. CA: Sage.
        17. Harth, N. S., & Mitte, K. (2020). Managing multiple roles during the COVID-19 lockdown: Not men or women, but parents as the emotional “loser in the crisis”. Social Psychological Bulletin,15(4), 1- 17.
        18. Humaida, I. A. I. (2012). Relationship between stress and psychosomatic complaints among nurses in tabarjal hospital. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 1(3), 15- 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojmp.2012.13003
        19. Kirchmeyer, C., & Cohen, A. (1999). Different strategies for managing the work/non-work interface: A test for unique pathways to work outcomes. Work & Stress, 13(1), 59– 73. https://doi.org/10.1080/026783799296192
        20. Ko, N-Y., Lu, W-H., Chen, Y-L., Li, D-J., Wang, P-W., Hsu, S-T., Chen, C-C., Lin, Y-H., Chang, Y-P., & Yen, C-F. (2020). Covid-19-related information sources an psychological well-being: An online survey study in Taiwan. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 87, 153– 154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.019
        21. Kochhar, R., & Barroso, A. (2020). Young workers Likely to be hard hit as Covid-19 strikes a blow to restaurants and other service sector jobs. Pew Research Centre. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/616295/young-workers-likely-to-be-hard-hit-as-covid-19-strikes-a-blow-to-restaurants-and-other-service-sector-jobs/1596902/
        22. Kristal , T., & Yaish, M. (2020). Does the Coronavirus pandemic level gender inequality curve? (It doesn’t). Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 68, 1- 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2020.100520
        23. Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 20- 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
        24. Lian, S. Y., & Tam, C. L. (2014). Work stress, coping strategies and resilience: a study among working females. Asian Social Science,10(12), 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n12p41
        25. Losada-Baltar, A., Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., Gallego-Alberto, L., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D. S., Fernandes-Pires, J., & Márquez- González, M. (2020). We’re staying at home. association of self-perceptions of aging, personal and family resourcesand loneliness with psychological distress during the lock-down period of Covid-19. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(2), 10- 16. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeronb%2Fgbaa048
        26. MacKian, S. C. (2008). What the papers say: reading therapeutic landscapes of women's health and empowerment in Uganda. Journal of Health & Place. 14(1), 106- 115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.05.005
        27. Manzo, L. K. C., & Minello, A. (2020). Mothers, childcare duties, and remote working under Covid-19 lockdown in Italy: cultivating communities of care. Dialogues in Human Geography, 10(2), 120-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820620934268
        28. Morrow, R., Rodriguez, A., & King, N. (2015). Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological method. The psychologist,28(8), 643- 644.
        29. Mustari, S., & Rahman, M. Z. (2020). The effect of the corona disaster on women: lock down and Corona virus from the lens of social science. SocArXiv.
        30. Peterman, A., Potts, A., O’Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, N., Oertelt-Prigione, S., & van Gelder, N. (2020). Pandemics and violence against women and children. Center for Global Development Working Paper 528. Washington, DC: Centre for Global Development.
        31. Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine. 383(6), 510- 512. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmp2008017#:~:text=DOI%3A%2010.1056/NEJMp2008017
        32. Rotz, D. (2016). Why have divorce rates fallen? The role of women’s age at marriage. J Hum Res. 51(4),961-1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.51.4.0214-6224R
        33. Sadeghi, M., Farajkhoda, T., Khanabadi, M., & Eftekhar, M. (2022). PERMA model vs. integrative-behavioral couple therapy for fertility problems: A randomized clinical trial protocol. Int J Reprod Biomed, 19(12),1105- 1116. https://doi.org/10.18502%2Fijrm.v19i12.10061
        34. Seligman, M. (2018). PERMA and the building blocks of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 333–335. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/17439760.2018.1437466
        35. Uddin, M. (2021). Addressing work-life balance challenges of working women during Covid-19 in Bangladesh. Int Soc Sci J. Mar-Jun, 71(240), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12267
        36. Urdinola, B. P., & Tovar, J. A. (2019). Time use and transfers in the Americas. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
        37. Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Gyamfi, N., & Jackson, D. (2020). Family violence and Covid-19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(4), 549– 552. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12735
        38. Wenham, C., Smith, J., Morgan, R., & Group, G. (2020). Covid-19: The gendered impacts of the outbreak. Lancet, 395(10227), 846– 848. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30526-2
        39. Westman, M., & Piotrkowski, C.S. (1999). Introduction to the special issue: work-family research in occupational health psychology. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(4), 301–306. DOI:1037//1076-8998.4.4.301
        40. Wulandari, B., Sholihah, K. U., Nabila, T., & Kaloeti, D. V. S. (2021). Subjective well-being in working mothers during the Covid-19 pandemic: a systematic literature review. In Proceding of Inter-Islamic University Conference on Psychology, 1(1), 1- 9.

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